Yüksek sıcaklıkta yetiştiricilik ?

[yigityigit]

Selamlar ,

Öncelikle lütfen cahilliğimi maruz görün, kısıtlı bilgimle bir soruyu cevaba kavuşturmak istiyorum.

Ticari menfaat amaçlı cam serada ufak ufak yetiştiricilik yapıyoruz.Bildiğim kadarıyla 30 derece üzeri sıcaklıkta yetiştiricilik verimi düşüyor veya imkansız hale geliyor.Öncelikle bildiğim doğrumudur ? Kapari gibi ürünlerin 40 derece civarında yetiştiğini araştırdım.

Sorum şudur ki ; 60 derece sıcaklıkta ticari amaçlı ürün yetiştirilebilirmi ? Önerileriniz nelerdir ?

Çok teşekkür ederim

[Mr.Muhendis]

Merhaba,

60 selsiyus derece gibi oldukça yüksek bir sıcaklıkta ticari olarak yetiştirilebilecek bitki türünün olduğunu pek sanmıyor, varsa bile bir elin parmaklarını geçeceğini düşünmüyorum. Yüksek sıcaklığın bitkiler üzerindeki etkisi üzerine yayımlanmış yüzlerce literatür bulunmaktadır. Özellikle bir bitki için arıyorsanız "effects of high temperature on wheat" gibi arama yaparak ulaşabilirsiniz.

Bunun dışında genel olarak bir bilgi edinmek istiyorsanız aşağıdaki literatürlerden faydalanabilirsiniz.

Effect of High Temperature on Plant Growth and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Potato

This study was undertaken to determine the role of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in altered carbohydrate partitioning caused by heat stress. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes characterized as susceptible and tolerant to heat stress were grown at 19/17[deg]C, and a subset was transferred to 31/29[deg]C. Data were obtained for plant growth and photosynthesis. Enzyme activity was determined for sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SPS) in mature leaves and for sucrose synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in developing tubers of plants. High temperatures reduced growth of tubers more than of shoots. Photosynthetic rates were unaffected or increased slightly at the higher temperature. Heat stress increased accumulation of foliar sucrose and decreased starch accumulation in mature leaves but did not affect glucose. SPS activity increased significantly in mature leaves of plants subjected to high temperature. Changes in SPS activity were probably not due to altered enzyme kinetics. The activity of sucrose synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was reduced in tubers, albeit less quickly than leaf SPS activity. There was no interaction of temperature and genotype with regard to the enzymes examined; therefore, observed differences do not account for differences between genotypes in heat susceptibility.

Erişim: http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/109/2/637

Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Mechanisms of Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants

High temperature (HT) stress is a major environmental stress that limits plant growth, metabolism, and productivity worldwide. Plant growth and development involve numerous biochemical reactions that are sensitive to temperature. Plant responses to HT vary with the degree and duration of HT and the plant type. HT is now a major concern for crop production and approaches for sustaining high yields of crop plants under HT stress are important agricultural goals. Plants possess a number of adaptive, avoidance, or acclimation mechanisms to cope with HT situations. In addition, major tolerance mechanisms that employ ion transporters, proteins, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and other factors involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional control are activated to offset stress-induced biochemical and physiological alterations. Plant survival under HT stress depends on the ability to perceive the HT stimulus, generate and transmit the signal, and initiate appropriate physiological and biochemical changes. HT-induced gene expression and metabolite synthesis also substantially improve tolerance. The physiological and biochemical responses to heat stress are active research areas, and the molecular approaches are being adopted for developing HT tolerance in plants. This article reviews the recent findings on responses, adaptation, and tolerance to HT at the cellular, organellar, and whole plant levels and describes various approaches being taken to enhance thermotolerance in plants.

Erişim: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236638908_Physiological_Biochemical_and_Molecular_ Mechanisms_of_Heat_Stress_Tolerance_in_Plants/figures?lo=1

The Effect of Temperature on Plant Growth

Erişim: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pp.04.060153.002023?journalCode=arplant.1

Rapid injuries of high temperature in plants

Global climate changes particularly high temperature is predicted to have a general negative effect on plant growth and development, that might lead to catastrophic loss of crop productivity. High temperature has a wide range of effect on plant in terms of plant physiological, biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, respiration water relations, and gene regulatory pathways. The injury inflicted on plant tissues under such extremes weakens the cell membrane, which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species that attacks major sites i.e photosynthetic apparatus, the photosystems, mainly photosystem II (PSII) and the respiratory pathways. To cope with rising temperature conditions, plants possess a number of adaptive, avoidance, or acclimation mechanisms. In addition to major tolerance mechanisms, plants also employ ion transporters, proteins, osmoprotectants, antioxidants and many other factors involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional control that are activated to offset stress-induced biochemical and physiological alterations. This article reviews the recent findings on high temperature induced injuries and responses at the cellular, organellar and whole plant levels.

Erişim: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12374-016-0365-0

Effect of Temperatures on Plant Growth

Chapter 5

IMPLEMENTATION

The plant growth module computes the crop growth and development based on daily values of maximum and minimum temperatures, radiation and daily value of soil stress factors. The values are added together to give an estimate of the amount of seasonal growth your plants have achieved. Plant growth prediction model depends on the plant parameters like,

Temperature
Relative humidity
Rainfall
Solar radiation.
5.1 Effect of Temperature:

Temperature factors that figure into plant growth potentials include the following:

Maximum daily temperature
Minimum daily temperature
Difference between day and night temperature
Average daytime temperature
Average nighttime temperature
Along with these there are other considerations such as:

5.1.1 Microclimates

The microclimate of a garden plays a primary role in actual garden temperature. In mountain communities, changes in elevation, air drainage, exposure and thermal heat mass (surrounding rocks) will make gardens significantly warmer or cooler than the temperatures recorded for the are.

In mountain communities, it is important to know where the local weather station is located so gardeners can factor in the difference in their specific locations to forecast temperatures more accurately.

5.1.2 Thermal heat mass (surrounding rocks)

In many Colorado communities, the surrounding rock formations can form heat sinks creating wonderful gardening spots for local gardeners. Nestled in among the mountains some gardeners have growing seasons several weeks longer than neighbors only a half a mile away. In cooler locations, rock mulch may give some frost protection and increase temperatures for enhanced crop growth. In warmer locations rock mulch can significantly increase summer temperatures and water requirements of landscape plants.

5.1.3 Influence of heat on Crop Growth

Temperature affects the growth and productivity of plants, depending on whether the plant is a warm season or cool season crop.

Photosynthesis: within limits, rates of photosynthesis and respiration both rise with increasing temperatures. As temperatures reach the upper growing limits for the crop, the rate of food used by respiration may exceed the rate at which food is manufactured by photosynthesis. For tomatoes, growth peaks at 96F.

Temperature influence on growth:seeds of cool season crops germinate at 40 to 80.Warm season crop seeds germinate at 50F to 90F.In the spring, cool soil temperatures may prohibit seed germination.

Examples of temperature influence on flowering

Tomatoes
Pollen does not develop if night temperatures are below 55F
Blossoms drop if daytime temperatures rise above 95F before 10 am
Tomatoes grown in cool climates will have softer fruit with bland flavors.
Spinach (a cool season, short day crop) flowers in warm weather with long days.
Christmas cacti and poinsettias flower in response to cool temperatures and short days.
Examples of temperature influence on crop quality

High temperatures increase respiration rates, reducing sugar content of produce. Fruits and vegetables grown in heat will be less sweet.
In heat, crop yields reduce while water demand goes up.
In hot weather, flowers colors fade and flowers have a shorter life.

Erişim: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental-sciences/effect-temperatures-plant-growth-8273.php

Effects of high temperature stress on enzymatic and nonenzymaticantioxidants and proteins in strawberry plants

The mechanism of tolerance to high temperatures was investigated in two strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cultivars, ‘Redlands Hope’ (‘R. Hope’, heat tolerant) and ‘Cal. Giant 3’ (‘CG3’, heat sensitive). Leaves were collected from plants that were exposed to gradual heat stress and heat-shock stress separately. The contents of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) and the activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT) (EC 1.11.1.6), and glutathione reductase (GR) (EC. 1.6.4.2) were measured followed by heat treatments. Additionally, proline content was determined, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were analyzed with an immunoblotting method to investigate protein markers involved in the heat-stress tolerance of strawberry plants. The contents of AsA and GSH did not change depending on heat stress type, temperatures, or cultivars. While APX and CAT activities increased with high temperatures, GR activity was almost unchanged. The proline content of the cultivars increased in both treatments. Anti-HSP60 immunoblots revealed that a 23 kDa polypeptide was detected during the heat acclimation of strawberry cultivars. The intensity of the heat shock protein in ‘R. Hope’ plants was more than in ‘CG3’ plants. Thus, the accumulation of 23 kDa heat shock protein was correlated with the heat tolerance of the cultivars. In conclusion, strawberry leaf tissues of ‘R. Hope’ were found to enhance the structural stability of cellular membranes under high temperature by increasing both the activity of such enzymes as CAT and APX to activate the antioxidative systems and the expression of 23 kDa HSP.

Erişim: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/411782